Process Capability Essay Example for Free

Process Capability EssayProcess dexterity studies determine whether a ferment is unstable, analyze any sources of instability, determine their commences, and take action to resolve such sources of instability. After all sources of instability move over been resolved in a process, the natural conduct of the process is called its process capability. Process capability compares the output of a process (called Voice of the Process) with the customers stipulation limits for the outputs (called Voice of the Customer). A process must be stable (have an established process capability) before it tummy be improved. Consequently, a process capability study must be successfully completed before a process profit study can have any chance for success.Process improvement studies follow the Deming wheel around of Plan, Do, Study, Act. First, managers construct a plan to simplification the difference between customer needs (Voice of the Customer) and process performance (Voice of the Pr ocess). Recall, that a plan is an intention to move from an quick method or flow sheet to a revise method or flowchart by incorporating one or more change concepts. Second, they test the revised flowcharts (Plan) viability using a planned experiment (Do). Third, they collect data and study the results of the planned experiment to determine if the plan (revised flowchart) forget decrease the difference between customer needs and process performance (Study). Fourth, if the data collected about the revised flowchart show if the plan will procure its objective(s).Finally, the revised flowchart is barized through best practices and training (Act) and the managers responsible for the plan return to the Plan phase of the Deming cycle to find further revisions to the flowchart that will further slim down the difference between customer needs and process performance. If the data collected about the plan show that the plan will not achieve its objective(s), the managers responsible for the plan return to the Plan phase of the Deming cycle to find a different revision to the flowchart that will reduce the difference between customer needs and process performance. Hence, the Deming cycle follows a never-ending path of process and quality improvement.This chapter is divided into four sections conditions, process capability studies, process improvement studies, and quality improvement stories. The quality improvement story is an effective format for quality vigilance practitioners to present process capability and process improvement studies to management.11.2 Specifications (Voice of the Customer) and Created DimensionsSpecifications fall into two broad categories performance conditions and adept specifications.11.2.1 Performance SpecificationsPerformance specifications address a customers needs or wants. An practice session of a performance specification can be seen in restaurants rated by the Red Michelin Guide. The customers of these restaurants set their per formance specifications as a perfect dining experience. paragon is measured in terms of the synergistic experience created by the interaction of regimen, serve well, ambience and price. The Red Michelin Guide rates restaurants on a one to tierce dealer scale. Only the best restaurants in the world receive Michelin stars. A restaurant receives one Michelin star for consistently serving very good food in a good setting, but it is not considered worthy of a finical traveling effort.A restaurant receives two Michelin stars for consistently serving polished food, including specialties and wines of choice in a great setting. The restaurant is worth a detour from ones existing travel itinerary. A restaurant receives third Michelin stars for serving excellent food and great wine, with impeccable and elegant service and ambience. The restaurant is one of the best restaurants in the world and is worth a special trip. All starred restaurants have a high average train of quality with v ery little variation around the average. A threesome star Michelin chef is an artist it is as if Picasso was painting for your pleasure. Three star Michelin restaurants provide performance specifications. They guarantee satisfaction at the point of delivery. Nothing short of perfection is acceptable.11.2.2 good SpecificationsTechnical specifications describe the desired values of quality characteristics at delivery. There are three types of technical specifications individual unit specifications acceptable quality take aim (AQL) specifications and distribution specifications.Individual Unit Specifications. Individual unit specifications state a boundary (upper or lower specification limit), or boundaries (both upper and lower specification limits), that apply to individual units of a product or service. An individual unit of product or service is considered to conform to a specification if it is on or inside the boundary or boundaries this is the goal post view of quality. Indivi dual unit specifications are made up of two parts, which together form a third part. The first part of an individual unit specification is the nominal value.This is the desired value for process performance mandated by the customers needs. Ideally, if all quality characteristics were at nominal, products and services would perform as expected over their life cycle. The second part of an individual unit specification is a tolerance. A tolerance is an permissible departure from a nominal value established by design engineers that is deemed non-harmful to the functioning of the product or service over its life cycle. Tolerances are added and/or subtracted from nominal values. The third part of an individual unit specification is a specification limit, or the boundaries created by adding and/or subtracting tolerances from a nominal value. It is possible to have two-sided specification limitsUSL = Nominal + ToleranceLSL = Nominal Tolerancewhere USL is the upper specification limit and L SL is the lower specification limit or one-sided specification limits (i.e., either USL or LSL only). A nominal value and specification limits form the Voice of the Customer.An example of an individual unit specification and its three parts can be seen in the specification for the case hardness perspicacity of a camshaft. A camshaft is considered to be conforming with respect to case hardness depth if individually individual unit is between 7.0 mm 3.5 mm (or LSL = 3.5 to USL = 10.5 mm). The nominal value in that specification is 7.0 mm the two-sided tolerance is 3.5 mm the lower specification limit is 3.5 mm (7.0 mm 3.5 mm) and the upper specification limit is 10.5 mm (7.0 mm + 3.5 mm).From our earlier discussion of the philosophy of continuous reduction of variation (i.e., the Taguchi firing Function), we saw that the goal of modern management should not be 100 percent conformance to specifications (Zero Defects), but the never-ending reduction of process variation inwardly s pecification limits so that all products/services are as close to nominal as possible, absent capital investment. Specified tolerances become increasingly irrelevant as process variation is reduced so that the processs output is well within specification limits. congenial Quality Level (AQL) Specifications. Acceptable quality level (AQL) specifications state a requirement that must be met by most individual units of product or service, but allow a certain likeness of the units to exceed the requirements. For example, cam shafts shall be acceptable if no more than 3 percent of the units exceed the specification limits of 3.5 and 10.5 mm. This type of specification limit is frequently referred to as an Acceptable Quality Level. AQL specifications are much like individual unit specifications, except they have a unique negative feature they formally support the employment of a certain percentage of defective product or service.Distribution Specifications. Distribution specifications define an acceptable distribution for each product or service quality characteristic. In an analytic study, a distribution is defined in terms of its mean, standard deviation, and shape. However, from the Empirical Rule discussed in Chapter 5, it is not necessary to fill any assumptions about the shape of the distribution. That is, virtually all data from a stable process will fall between the mean plus or minus three standard deviations.As an example of a distribution specification, the case hardness depth of a camshaft shall be stable with an average depth of 7.0 mm and a standard deviation not to exceed 1.167 mm. In other words, individual units shall be distributed around the average with a dispersion not to exceed 3.50 mm on either side of the average since for a stable process, virtually all of the output will be within three standard deviations on either side of the mean 7.0 mm 3(1.167 mm) = 7.0 mm 3.50 mm = 3.50 to 10.50 mm. The mean and standard deviation are simply dire ctional goals for management when using distribution specifications. Management must use statistical methods to move the process average toward the nominal value of 7.0 mm and to decrease the process standard deviation as far below 1.167 mm as possible. Distribution requirements are stated in the language of the process and promote the never-ending improvement of a process.Distinguishing between Performance Specifications and Technical Specifications. Performance specifications are not commonly used in business instead, technical specifications are used. Unfortunately, this can cause major problems because technical specifications may not produce the performance desired by a customer. As an example, consider a hospital that serves medium (versus rare or well-done) steak to patients who select steak for dinner see Camp, 1986. The performance desired is patient satisfaction within nutritional guidelines. But performance specifications are not used. Instead, a technical specification of five ounces of steak is substituted it is assumed they are equivalent.