Supporting Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Supporting Activity - Essay ExampleMobile computing has resulted in a mark increase in productivity of employees because of their easy access to data which they need.network 2.0 is another development whose impact in the information technology of companies cannot be undermined. Web 2.0 is the popular term for advanced Internet technology and applications including blogs, wikis, RSS and mixer bookmarking (Rouse, 2011). With Web 2.0 employees gain an easy access to various business applications which the IT department can earn from. Web 2.0 allows for people to create, work together, edit and sh atomic number 18 user generated content online thus, making it easier for the IT department to disseminate information.Aside from mobile computing and Web 2.0, social media networks such as Facebook and LinkedIn are used by some organizations to reach out to their customers. Inter-office memos are sometimes broadcasted through social media networks because of its accessibility to everyone.As more advances in technology are developed, the information systems of corporations are also enhanced leading to a more efficient and accurate transfer of information. These new trends are reshaping the manner of doing business today and in the

The Sociology of Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

The Sociology of Race and Ethnicity EssayThe most common definition of this term is a social ranking by social wealth. An example would be a family whose income level categorizes them below the poverty line, versus a family whose income level categorizes them far above the poverty line. This is when an oppressor uses race to determine who is and is not privileged. These determinations are made by assigning characteristics to races and dividing them into groups. At minimum, characteristics include physical or cultural traits.This is a broad generalization about groups which does not account for individual differences. An example would be if a person were to generalize that all people from New York City are pushy. Among many others, Chinese Americans, African American, Native Americans and Caucasians are examples of this group. Members of such a group can be identified by obvious physical differences. This occurs when a dominant group forces a minority group to live, work, or so cialize separately. The spunky index of Blacks and Whites living separately in Detroit, Michigan is an example.Another way of describing a minority group, this type of group comprises people of certain race, ethnicity, religion, gender, age, disability. Members of such a group exhibit five distinct characteristics. This occurs when a person, or the group to which that person chokes, assumes the characteristics of a dominant group. An example would be a Native American choosing to abandon his or her cultural norms in favor of United States norms.This group is associated with a faith other than that of the dominant group. For example, individuals who practice Buddhism in the United States belong to this type of group. This perspective maintains that groups in society may express their cultures without facing prejudice or hostility. In part, it can be seen in some of the big United States cities.

Types of Job Description Essay Example for Free

Types of Job verbal comment EssayExternalThe external farm out description is the one you post for potential applicants. It lists the designation and essential functions of the job, outlines duties and responsibilities and whitethorn include administrative information such as the responsibilities of the overall department and the position of the jobs supervisor. It should also list necessary qualifications, including skills, education and mystify. approximately external job descriptions indicate the salary and benefits offered for the position. Though they need to be brief, they should also be specific so that youre not inundated with applications from people who atomic number 18 unqualified. GenericA generic or general job description describes the job in broad terms. Depending on the size of the organization and the number of standardised job positions within it, the generic description may be used as a template for department heads to craft more specific descriptions for jobs chthonic their purview. However, the Poindexter Consulting Group warns that generic job descriptions can open a company to problems with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which enforces the Americans with Disabilities Act. This act mandates that employers not discriminate against qualified alter people who argon able to fulfill the essential functions of jobs. If a generic description doesnt detail what the essential functions argon, you could create the appearance of discrimination.Moreover, the government uses job descriptions to con that employers argon following legal guidelines regarding equal pay and opportunities for overtime. Generic descriptions that dont specify wages and hours wont protect you if your organization comes under government scrutiny.InternalThe congenital job description contains the same information as the external one but goes into more precise detail, according to the Grand Roads Executive wait firm. The administrative information, for example, may include the name and job title of the positions supervisor. Internal descriptions of higher level jobs may list metrics such as how much revenue the jobholder is expected to generate, how many clients or accounts she will oversee or service or how many employees she will supervise. A well-written, thorough job description ensures everyone knows what your expectations of the position are so that Human Resources can hire the right psyche, the person hired understands what to do and youre legally protected if the new hire doesnt jar against those expectations.How to Write a Job Description blackguard 2 OverviewNext you write the general overview of the job position. This is the 1-minute elevator pitch. Dont go overboard here. The rest of the written job description will break down the details. This is where you summarize the nature and overall purpose of the job.How to Write a Job Description Step 3 Essential Functions and ResponsibilitiesThis is the job descr iption component part that explains the day-to-day of the job. You start by listing out the essential functions of the position. Essential job functions are responsibilities that are 5% or greater of the employees defecateload. All the essential functions should add up to 100% of the job position. They should be listed in order of importance. I like to add at the end of this section other duties as assigned as a catchall for special projects that may come up.How to Write a Job Description Step 4 Job QualificationsThis is where you list out the minimum requirements of the job position. Be sure to write the qualifications for the position you need, not the person who may currently be in the position. If a job requirement is listed then those candidates not meeting the minimum standards are not viable candidates for the position.This job qualifications area can be broken down into the further sections listed below. Ive included some examples of functional job descriptions1. Educati onIf the job position requires a degree or certification list it here. Are you willing to substitute years of start out for education? If so, specifically communicate how many years of cogitate experience is an acceptable substitute for a degree or certification. Job description example 4 years of software development experience with .Net may be substituted for a 4-year degree in computer science.2. ExperienceList the amount of industry experience or directly related job experience required. Job description example 5 years of project management experience in the financial services industry.3. Supervisory experienceIf supervisory experience is required, list how many years of supervisory experience are required along with how many employees supervised. Job description example 5 years experience supervising 10 or more employees.4. Technical proficienciesThis is where you list what technical or software skills are needed to work out the essential functions of the job. Job descripti on example Must be able to type 80 wpm in MS Word.5. Communication skillsIn most jobs, having good communication skills is essential. peradventure you need someone who has excellent written communication skills if you are hiring a technical writer. You may need someone with public speaking experience if you are hiring for your training department. You may need someone who is an exceptional oral communicator for the receptionist position or negotiation skills if they are in sales. These are all examples of communication skills that are required to perform the essential functions of the job. Some job positions may require multiple communications skills in order to perform the work.6. Decision making being a good decision maker isnt something reserved for management. Some jobs require the person to work independently and to make on-the-spot decisions that affect their work and the company. This is where you specify how much freedom the position has to make decisions regarding responsi bilities of the job.7. Other competencies or skillsOther competencies or skills necessary to perform the job may be the capacity to meet deadlines or work more than 40 hours, as needed. You may need someone who has the ability to work on teams. This is the section where you add these kinds of details.8. downplay obliges or licensing requirementsMost companies require some sort of background check before hiring a candidate. This is the section where you will include a statement closely any background checks or other requirements candidates must pass in order to qualify for the position. Job description example Criminal background check Reference checks Education verification Drug test Physical exam Drivers license and proof of insurance9. PreferenceEverything in the requirements section of the job description is a minimum job requirement except for this section. In this section you are telling candidates that it would be very helpful if they had finicky skills or abilities but i ts not required. Job description example Experience with MS Visio is highly desired.How to Write a Job Description Step 5 Physical RequirementsWhen most people read this section of the job description they dont pay much attention. They think that this is just legalese. I can understand that unless you are someone who has physical limitations.Potential job candidates need to know what they physically have to do in the job and in what environment. If they are scared of heights but the job requires them to work several hundred feet off the ground in a warehouse this would not be a good fit and the candidate can self-select out of applying for the job position.Another reason this section is needed is because of the Americans with Disability Act (ADA). This is a subject field that requires a lot of attention and would sidetrack this article so Ill summarize to stay on topic. Employers need to list the physical requirements so those with disabilities or physical limitations can judge w hether they can perform the job as-is or with reasonable accommodation. For example, someone hard of hearing may be able to perform a call center job if they have a device that amplifies voices on the phone so they can hear customers. Additionally, your current employees health may change over time and they may struggle to physically perform their jobs. They may need reasonable accommodations, as well.

Process Capability Essay Example for Free

Process Capability EssayProcess dexterity studies determine whether a ferment is unstable, analyze any sources of instability, determine their commences, and take action to resolve such sources of instability. After all sources of instability move over been resolved in a process, the natural conduct of the process is called its process capability. Process capability compares the output of a process (called Voice of the Process) with the customers stipulation limits for the outputs (called Voice of the Customer). A process must be stable (have an established process capability) before it tummy be improved. Consequently, a process capability study must be successfully completed before a process profit study can have any chance for success.Process improvement studies follow the Deming wheel around of Plan, Do, Study, Act. First, managers construct a plan to simplification the difference between customer needs (Voice of the Customer) and process performance (Voice of the Pr ocess). Recall, that a plan is an intention to move from an quick method or flow sheet to a revise method or flowchart by incorporating one or more change concepts. Second, they test the revised flowcharts (Plan) viability using a planned experiment (Do). Third, they collect data and study the results of the planned experiment to determine if the plan (revised flowchart) forget decrease the difference between customer needs and process performance (Study). Fourth, if the data collected about the revised flowchart show if the plan will procure its objective(s).Finally, the revised flowchart is barized through best practices and training (Act) and the managers responsible for the plan return to the Plan phase of the Deming cycle to find further revisions to the flowchart that will further slim down the difference between customer needs and process performance. If the data collected about the plan show that the plan will not achieve its objective(s), the managers responsible for the plan return to the Plan phase of the Deming cycle to find a different revision to the flowchart that will reduce the difference between customer needs and process performance. Hence, the Deming cycle follows a never-ending path of process and quality improvement.This chapter is divided into four sections conditions, process capability studies, process improvement studies, and quality improvement stories. The quality improvement story is an effective format for quality vigilance practitioners to present process capability and process improvement studies to management.11.2 Specifications (Voice of the Customer) and Created DimensionsSpecifications fall into two broad categories performance conditions and adept specifications.11.2.1 Performance SpecificationsPerformance specifications address a customers needs or wants. An practice session of a performance specification can be seen in restaurants rated by the Red Michelin Guide. The customers of these restaurants set their per formance specifications as a perfect dining experience. paragon is measured in terms of the synergistic experience created by the interaction of regimen, serve well, ambience and price. The Red Michelin Guide rates restaurants on a one to tierce dealer scale. Only the best restaurants in the world receive Michelin stars. A restaurant receives one Michelin star for consistently serving very good food in a good setting, but it is not considered worthy of a finical traveling effort.A restaurant receives two Michelin stars for consistently serving polished food, including specialties and wines of choice in a great setting. The restaurant is worth a detour from ones existing travel itinerary. A restaurant receives third Michelin stars for serving excellent food and great wine, with impeccable and elegant service and ambience. The restaurant is one of the best restaurants in the world and is worth a special trip. All starred restaurants have a high average train of quality with v ery little variation around the average. A threesome star Michelin chef is an artist it is as if Picasso was painting for your pleasure. Three star Michelin restaurants provide performance specifications. They guarantee satisfaction at the point of delivery. Nothing short of perfection is acceptable.11.2.2 good SpecificationsTechnical specifications describe the desired values of quality characteristics at delivery. There are three types of technical specifications individual unit specifications acceptable quality take aim (AQL) specifications and distribution specifications.Individual Unit Specifications. Individual unit specifications state a boundary (upper or lower specification limit), or boundaries (both upper and lower specification limits), that apply to individual units of a product or service. An individual unit of product or service is considered to conform to a specification if it is on or inside the boundary or boundaries this is the goal post view of quality. Indivi dual unit specifications are made up of two parts, which together form a third part. The first part of an individual unit specification is the nominal value.This is the desired value for process performance mandated by the customers needs. Ideally, if all quality characteristics were at nominal, products and services would perform as expected over their life cycle. The second part of an individual unit specification is a tolerance. A tolerance is an permissible departure from a nominal value established by design engineers that is deemed non-harmful to the functioning of the product or service over its life cycle. Tolerances are added and/or subtracted from nominal values. The third part of an individual unit specification is a specification limit, or the boundaries created by adding and/or subtracting tolerances from a nominal value. It is possible to have two-sided specification limitsUSL = Nominal + ToleranceLSL = Nominal Tolerancewhere USL is the upper specification limit and L SL is the lower specification limit or one-sided specification limits (i.e., either USL or LSL only). A nominal value and specification limits form the Voice of the Customer.An example of an individual unit specification and its three parts can be seen in the specification for the case hardness perspicacity of a camshaft. A camshaft is considered to be conforming with respect to case hardness depth if individually individual unit is between 7.0 mm 3.5 mm (or LSL = 3.5 to USL = 10.5 mm). The nominal value in that specification is 7.0 mm the two-sided tolerance is 3.5 mm the lower specification limit is 3.5 mm (7.0 mm 3.5 mm) and the upper specification limit is 10.5 mm (7.0 mm + 3.5 mm).From our earlier discussion of the philosophy of continuous reduction of variation (i.e., the Taguchi firing Function), we saw that the goal of modern management should not be 100 percent conformance to specifications (Zero Defects), but the never-ending reduction of process variation inwardly s pecification limits so that all products/services are as close to nominal as possible, absent capital investment. Specified tolerances become increasingly irrelevant as process variation is reduced so that the processs output is well within specification limits. congenial Quality Level (AQL) Specifications. Acceptable quality level (AQL) specifications state a requirement that must be met by most individual units of product or service, but allow a certain likeness of the units to exceed the requirements. For example, cam shafts shall be acceptable if no more than 3 percent of the units exceed the specification limits of 3.5 and 10.5 mm. This type of specification limit is frequently referred to as an Acceptable Quality Level. AQL specifications are much like individual unit specifications, except they have a unique negative feature they formally support the employment of a certain percentage of defective product or service.Distribution Specifications. Distribution specifications define an acceptable distribution for each product or service quality characteristic. In an analytic study, a distribution is defined in terms of its mean, standard deviation, and shape. However, from the Empirical Rule discussed in Chapter 5, it is not necessary to fill any assumptions about the shape of the distribution. That is, virtually all data from a stable process will fall between the mean plus or minus three standard deviations.As an example of a distribution specification, the case hardness depth of a camshaft shall be stable with an average depth of 7.0 mm and a standard deviation not to exceed 1.167 mm. In other words, individual units shall be distributed around the average with a dispersion not to exceed 3.50 mm on either side of the average since for a stable process, virtually all of the output will be within three standard deviations on either side of the mean 7.0 mm 3(1.167 mm) = 7.0 mm 3.50 mm = 3.50 to 10.50 mm. The mean and standard deviation are simply dire ctional goals for management when using distribution specifications. Management must use statistical methods to move the process average toward the nominal value of 7.0 mm and to decrease the process standard deviation as far below 1.167 mm as possible. Distribution requirements are stated in the language of the process and promote the never-ending improvement of a process.Distinguishing between Performance Specifications and Technical Specifications. Performance specifications are not commonly used in business instead, technical specifications are used. Unfortunately, this can cause major problems because technical specifications may not produce the performance desired by a customer. As an example, consider a hospital that serves medium (versus rare or well-done) steak to patients who select steak for dinner see Camp, 1986. The performance desired is patient satisfaction within nutritional guidelines. But performance specifications are not used. Instead, a technical specification of five ounces of steak is substituted it is assumed they are equivalent.

Loss of Brain Nerve Cells in Alzheimers Disease

Loss of Brain Nerve Cells in Alzheimers DiseaseFig-6 Showing neuronal death due to inflammation and oxidative stress.Adenosine Deaminase (adenosine deaminase), and Neuropsychiatric Disorders-Adenosine is a neuromodulator of heading function that is uniquely positioned to integrate excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission and neuroprotective actions in pathological conditions. The understanding of adenosine production and release in the brain is therefore of fundamental grandness and has been extensively studied (ADA-8). Adenosine metabolism in the brain is very eventful, and its dysregulation has been implicated in pathophysiology of some(prenominal) neuropsychiatric disorders, since it modulates the release of several neurotransmitters such as glutamate, dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine, decreases neuronal activity by pos-synaptic hyperpolarization and inhibits dopaminergic activity. Adenosine deaminase participates in purine metabolism by converting adenosine into inosi ne (ADA-7). (The production and metabolism of adenosine is given in the Fig.7)Adenosine deaminase (ADA, adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4), an enzyme involved in the metabolism of purine nucleosides, catalyses the permanent hydrolytic deamination of adenosine (Ado) and 2-deoxyadenosine (2-dAdo) to inosine and 2- deoxyinosine, respectively. The enzyme is widely distributed in vertebrate tissues and plays a critical quality in a number of physiological dusts. In nature, several isoforms of ADA atomic number 18 known that differ by molecular mass, kinetic properties and tissue distribution (ADA-2).It plays a parting in the development and functioning of T lymphomonocytes. Levels of this enzyme increase during the mitogenic and antigenic solvent of lymphocytes, whereas ADA inhibitors limited the blastogenesis of lymphocytes thus, ADA levels argon higher in T cells than in B lymphocytes. ADA was previously recognized as a cytosolic enzyme however, it is currently known to be pr esent at the surfaces of cells, in particular T lymphocytes, to interact with some membrane proteins, including CD-26/DPP IV, and is considered an ecto-enzyme. This co-localization of DPP IV/CD-26 and ADA at T cells is important for the activation of T cells because the interaction of ADA and CD-26 at the T cells results in co-stimulatory signs responsible for the activation of the T cell sense organ (ada ).Long considered to be an immune-privileged state of affairs because of the presence of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and the lack of a lymphatic system of rules, it is now well-established that the brain is fully capable of mounting inflammatory responses in response to invading pathogens, trauma, or ischemic events (G-17).Fig. 7 Pathways of adenosine production, metabolism and transport, with indications of the sites of action of various enzyme inhibitors. Abbreviations are as follows ADA, adenosine deaminase AK, adenosine kinase AOPCP, a,b-methylene ADP DCF, deoxycoformycin E HNA, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenosine es, equilibrativesensitive nucleoside transporters ei, equilibrative- insensitive nucleoside transporters 5-IT, 5-iodotubercidin NBMPR, nitrobenzylthioinosine PDE, cAMP phosphodiesterase SAH, S-adenosyl homocysteine.Activation of oligodendrocytes results in secernment of inflammatory molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, and prostaglandins and mostnotably in upregulation of several chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, including NG2, which contributes to the growth-inhibitory environment that prevents regeneration of axons in the injured CNS. In summary, in acute situations and when short lived, neuro-inflammatory mechanisms generally limit injury and promote healing however, when neuro-inflammation becomes chronic it can misuse viable host tissue, resulting in compromised neuronal pick and cognitive impairment. For these reasons, inflammation in the CNS has been appropriately described as a two-edged sword (G-17).Again Hcy acti vates cytokines and pro-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, IL- 1 receptor antagonist, C-reactive protein, adhesion molecules (P-selectin, E-selectin, ICAM-1), and metalloproteinases (MMP-9). In addition, Hcy up-regulates reactive oxygen species, leading to activation of NF-kappa B, the pro-inflammatory nuclear regulatory molecule (G-3).On the other hand, neuropsychiatric disorders have been shown to be accompanied with some immune-inflammatory alterations. In this regard in order to make a contribution to the understanding of the ongoing immune disturbance in neuropsychiatric disorders, serum ADA activity was determined in neuropsychiatric patients and compared with healthy controls.Intracellular and extracellular levels of adenosine are tightly controlled by specific nucleoside transporters and several important enzymes, which include adenosine deaminase (ADA) and 5-nucleotidase (5-NT) (ADA-4).ADA activity is known to be increased in inflammatory disease s characterized by T-cell activation and proliferation. Therefore, ADA is considered a marker of T-cell activation. In addition, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O-_ 2) nitric oxide (NO-) and singlet oxygen (1O2) creates a condition known as oxidative stress, resulting in the amplification of the inflammatory response (ADA-6). Studies related to ADA levels in neuropsychiatric patients are virtually non-existent.ADA and schizophreniaAdenosine may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, since it modulates the release of several neurotransmitters such as glutamate, dopamine, serotonin etc.Dutra GD et al (2009) showed that decreased ADA activity in schizophrenic patients than in control electric rayjects (ADA-7).Brunstein MG et al (2007) reported that the schizophrenic patients treated either with typical antipsychotics or clozapine showed increased serum ADA activity compared to controls (ada-b sub 14). ADA and DepressionElgun et al (1999b) reported that decrease ADA activity in patients with depression compared with controls, might reflect the impaired immune system in depression (A sub).Mackiewicz et al (2006) showed that ADA levels did not change with age in rats (A sub).Herken H et al (2007) showed that ADA levels of the patients were significantly higher than the controls (abstract ref).An increasing body of inference implicates both brain inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease (A-9). Inflammation is a cause, contributor, or secondary phenomenon in the disorder inflammatory pathways are altered in the periphery in AD, together with evidence that increased peripheral inflammation leads to more neurodegeneration and accelerated disease progression in creature models.Antioxidants defense-Humans have evolved a highly complicated antioxidant defense system to combat the damaging effects of surplus radicals. Under physiological conditions, ove rproduction of ROS and RNS and their neutralization is prevented by the activity of endogenous anti-oxidative defense system (AOS). Antioxidants are a broad group of compounds which constitute the first line of defense against free radical damage thus are essential for maintaining optimum health and well-being. They are protective agents, capable of stabilizing or deactivating free radicals before they pom-pom cells. Being beneficial compounds, they control free radical formation naturally and help organisms to deal with oxidative stress caused by free radicals (antiox 4) (Fig. 8).Antioxidant system encloses enzymes exchangeable superoxide dismutase catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and other antioxidant-regenerating enzymes such as gluthatione reductase dehydroascorbate reductase and glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase, that maintains reduced NADPH hydrophilic scavengers like urate, ascorbate, gluthatione, flavonoids lipophilic scavengers, like tocopherols, carotenoids and ubiquin one. The great majority of antioxidants are supplied with the diet and includes polyphenols, lipoic and ascorbic acid, carotenoids, lycopene, quercetine, genstein, ellagic acid, ubiquinone and indole-3 carbinole. In fact, in the biological systems, the normal processes of oxidation produces highly reactive free radicals and each of this administered compounds is involved in the physiological redox balance preventing damage to the tissues (antioxi 3).Enzymatic AntioxidantsAn important part of the intracellular antioxidant defense systems are antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidases.Superoxide dismutase ( sod)SOD is found abundantly in legion(predicate) organisms, from microorganisms to plant and animals, since superoxide radicals (O2) are toxic to living cells, oxidizing and degrading biologically important molecules, such as lipids and proteins. The role of SOD is to protect aerobic cells against O2 action. It catalyzes O2 dismutation response int o H2O2 and O2. There are terzetto known types of SOD two copper-zinc containing SOD (CuZn-SOD), one in cytosol and one bound to the vascular endothelium ( similarly called extracellular SOD (ECSOD)) and a manganese containing SOD (MnSOD), which is localized in the mitochondrial matrix (antio-4). This enzyme specifically catalyzes the dismutation of O2 anion into H2O2 and O2 in a pH-independent medium (59.5). Manganese SOD is the mitochondrial form of this dismutase. Its active site contains manganese and reduces the O2 generated during the ETC. The amount of MnSOD inside the cell varies according to the number of mitochondria found in each cell type. This enzyme has antitumor activity. Extracellular SOD excessively contains copper and zinc in its structure and is the main extracellular SOD. It is synthesized inside the cells and secreted into the extracellular matrix (G-66, G-71, SOD-1).Fig. 8- Mechanism of action of antioxidantsCatalase (CAT)Catalase is an enzyme that reacts ver y effectively with H2O2 to form pee and molecular oxygen and with H donors (methanol, ethanol, formic acid, or phenols) with peroxidase activity. Catalase protects cells against H2O2 generated inside them. Although CAT is not essential to some cell types under normal conditions, it has an important role in the acquisition of tolerance to ONS in cellular adaptive response (G-10).Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Glutathione ReductaseGPx is an enzyme that contains a single selenocysteine (Sec) residue in each of four identical subunits, which are essential to the enzymes activity. Humans have four different GPx types (1) a classic cytosolic form (2) a membrane-associated GPx phospholipids, (3) another cytoplasmic enzyme, gastrointestinal GPx and (4) an extracellular type. all told GPx enzymes are known to add two electrons to reduce peroxides by selenols forming (Se-OH). GPx antioxidant properties allow them to eliminate peroxides as potentiality substrates for Fentons reaction. Glu tathione peroxidase works together with glutathione tripeptide (GSH), which is present in cells in high (micromolar) dumbnesss. The substrate for the GPx catalytic reaction is H2O2 or organic peroxide ROOH. Glutathione peroxidase catalyzes hydroperoxide reduction using GSH, thus protecting mammalian cells against oxidative damage. Glutathione metabolism is one of the most important antioxidant defense mechanisms (G-10). Together with classic H2O2-removing enzymes (CAT and GSH-Px), the enzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a seleno-flavoprotein which forms the thioredoxin system together with the protein thioredoxin (Trx) and NADPH. This is an effective system to reduce proteins in disulfide form and it in addition participates actively in the removal of H2O2 and other peroxides (G-57).4) Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR)TrxR catalyzes the reduction of Trx especially, but in humans it can also reduce other substrates, such as vitamin C. This reductase also catalyzes the reduction of di sulfide proteins and it is involved in countless vital processes, such as DNA synthesis and the regulation of apoptosis. Additionally, this system also donates electrons during DNA synthesis, and NADPH and human TrxR by themselves or with Trx are efficient electron donors to this human plasma peroxidase, which allows this enzyme to reduce hydroperoxides even when there are low levels of GSH available (G-52).There are three identified TrxR isoenzymes cytosolic (TrxR-1), mitochondrial (TrxR-2), and a third isoenzyme which has been isolated from the mitochondrion of rat testes (TrxR-3). TrxR-1 has wide substrate specificity, since it is responsible for reducing not only Trx but also hydroperozides, lipoic acid, ubiquinone, and dehydroascorbate. Thus, the Trx system is regarded as having a crucial role maintaining a cells redox state. It may also have a role in the system which regulates the expression of redox-sensitive genes through the activation of transcription factors (G-58).Non-e nzymatic AntioxidantsVitamin E (-tocopherol)The lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin E is localized in the cell membrane and has been targeted for its relation to atherosclerosis and vascular function. Decreased concentration vitamin E (-tocopherol) scavenges the chain-carrying peroxyl radicals rapidly and interrupts the chain propagation. During this reaction, vitamin E becomes a free radical called tocopheryl, which is less reactive than the lipid radical and migrates to the surface of the membrane to be alter again into tocopherol through the action of ascorbic acid (G-72) (Fig-9). However, in elevated concentrations the tocopheryl radical may act as pro-oxidant. On the other hand, -carotene is a hydrophilic precursor of vitamin A and large concentrations accumulate in the membranes of certain tissues. Its antioxidant activity is related to the removal of O2 and free radicals formed during lipid peroxidation. This activity is due to its linked double-bonded structure that can disl ocate unpaired electrons, which enables -carotene to physically quench singlet oxygen without degradation (G-65).Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)Vitamin C is a hydrosoluble antioxidant, which facilitates its diffusion into intra- and extracellular matrices. Its antioxidant potential is related to direct removal of O2 and HO. Furthermore, it contributes to regenerating oxidized vitamin E however, vitamin C also has pro-oxidant activity. It may be the one compound, in addition to HO, that can convert Fe3+ into Fe2+, which then reacts with H2O2 to form OH. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that participates in a large number of cell functions (antio 5). All

The Salvation Army Hostel For The Homeless Social Work Essay

The Salvation Army Hostel For The Homeless tender Work EssayIntroduction concord to Hardcastle, Powers and Wenocur (2004), Community practice is the application of practice skills to alter the behavioural patterns of familiarity groups, organisations, and institutions or populations relationships and interactions with these entities. Drawing from this simple definition of community of interests practice, the report focuses on the employ I carried stunned as an Applied Community studies student working with roofless people at the Salvation Army (SA) hostel in proscription where I completed 140 hours of practice learning as an Assistant Project Worker. For personal reflection and intellectual ontogenesis the report evaluates the themes around rooflessness (causes and bio-psycho- accessible impacts of homelessness). The theories, legislation and policy underpinning work with homeless people is discussed, and for arguments sake, the effectiveness of interpolation methods is crit ically analysed while particular emphasis on factors contributing to inequalities in health and social fear such as ageism, gender discrimination, race and ethnicity and social extrusion to promote an anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory practice (Dominelli 2002 and 2008). An evaluation of my learning outcomes will be made, and the report will argue that relying on funding from the local g everyplacenment affects the administration and provision of welfargon attends at the centre, which in most cases creates respectable dilemmas for Project Workers. Further, the report will argue that complying with the local authority on who to give help makes the Salvation Army to depart from its core values base on Christian principles feeding the hungry, clothing the naked, and giving shelter to the homeless (Walker, 2001) among others Christian values, for example, its work with asylum seekers. The report similarly recognises that lack of continuity in the community affects casework wi th individuals. The essay concludes by directing atomic number 18as of good practice.description of SA and work carried outThe Salvation Army was founded in 1865 by William and Catherine Booth to help people identify as socially undesirables (Prostitutes, criminals, drug addicts) to embrace Christianity (Murdoch, 1996 Walker, 2001). To date, the Salvation Army has centres worldwide and provides social aid to people in need, including disaster relief (Chronicle of Philanthropy 30 October 2008). It runs youth programmes and provides accommodation to homeless people but on a temporary basis. In Africa the Salvation Army whole kit and caboodle with refugees and displaced people among other community works. It operates as a non government organisation agency that provides relief to people in need. Social support handling is guided by the Salvation Armys 11 Christian doctrines, or soldiers covenant, as an army against social ills. According to the Chronicle of Philanthropy (30 Octobe r 2008 10) the Salvation Army was the largest charity in the USA giving extraneous more than $2 billion in social aid in 2007.The Salvation Army hostel (Coventry) provides accommodation to 80 residents, mostly men (75 suite are reserved for men with only five reserved for women). The implications of this gender variation will be discussed later. In auxiliary, it takes only homeless people ming guide with the ages of 18 and 65, and this archetype will in any case be discussed later in relation to ageism. In add-on, the centre does not provide accommodation to people who yield no access to public funds, such as asylum seekers, and in that location are no facilities for homeless families, although the Salvation Army in Leamington has only maven family unit. Again, this will be discussed in relation to society stereotyping individual people, especially men, as more apparent to become homeless. The centre overly runs a preference centre which help service substance abusers t o bid for houses on Coventry Home take bursting chargeer, and pedigree search. In addition, the centre also hold cooking courses to promote flushed eating and bud cohere meals among residents, and used sport (football) to encourage healthy living interaction through sport, and clients participated in football once every week.I worked as an Assistant Project Worker in a team of 20 staff that let ind 10 project workers. My job included attending referral meetings, carrying out essay assessments and identifying reasons for homelessness, profiling where a key worker asks the homeless person a series of questions in line with the National Monitoring and Evaluation work (NMES). My duties also involved helping the service users to bid for houses, signposting them to the railway line centre, organising cooking and football events.Critical analysis of relevant theory to practice.The report now analyses the confabulation of homelessness in view of the bio-psycho-social needs of homel ess people. Maslow (1954) identified seven basic human needs, of which shelter is among them (Taylor, 2010). In England, homelessness is a major issue, and between January and March 2003 there were 31 470 households identified and accepted as homeless by the Local Authority homeless (Wright et al 2003). According to Wright et al (2003), people who are homeless usually brace socio, medical and psychological needs, and are stereotyped as anti-social, violent, migrants, and undeserving. Further, they also face isolation, lack of choice, and stigmatisation (Homeless Network 1999 Report). They are also seeming to be discriminated and socially excluded because of their ethnicity, gender, race and age (Wright et al 2003).Power and Hunter (2001) concur with this assertion and argue that some of the homeless peoples most immediate challenges include nutritional deficiencies, cold weather, poor personal hygiene and drug and alcohol misuse. In addition they have high incidents of morbidity and mortality (Wright el al 2003). Some of their medical needs/problems include a chronic history of severe alcohol dependence, with gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiovascular or metabolic complications (Wright et al, 2003 pg 9). They also have higher incidents of depression and risk of suicide (ibid). For effective intervention with homeless people to promote their health and well-being, staff at the Salvation Army works jointly with health cooperators (GPs), housing departments, non-statutory organisation and social services departments.Most people who use the services (homeless) at the Salvation Army hostel are single white men, ex-convicts, drug and alcohol misuse, and refugees. Underlying bio-psycho-social issues included HIV, substance misuse, isolation, and unemployment. An understanding of these underlying needs was important during a risk assessment so that they could be identified and appropriate intervention provided, for example, where homelessness was caused by un employment, the person would be sign-posted to the Job Centre, or assisted to fill in job application forms. Getting a job would empower the person to become financially fencesitter and offer a more permanent solution to a recurring problem. Similarly, people who garbled their houses due to drug and alcohol misuse would be referred to other agencies such as Recovery Partnership for rehabilitation (solution focussed intervention).The SA worked with the Coventry City Council, who referred homeless people to the centre. The Local Authority pays 147 per week towards the accommodation of the homeless person, while the person is required to pay 10. The City Council is also the major funder for the agency, a concept which eroded its independence and community standing as a Christian based sanctuary for the homeless regardless of creed, race (based on verses from the Bible). As a result asylum seekers who had no recourse to public funds were denied services. This experience highlights som e of the challenges faced by community workers in their quest to promote social justice, which is defined as the embodiment of fairness, equity, and equality in the distribution of societal resources (Flyn, 1990). This makes their role controversial as they become border guards (Ravi Kohli, 2006), and gatekeepers of resources (Limbery, 2005). The project workers also works hand in hand with GPs, the Job Centre, drug and alcohol rehabilitation centres, Community Psychiatrists and independent and local housing agencies. This requires good team working skills, and I will comment on the development of my team-working skills later in this report.Working with homeless people for statutory organisations is underpinned by legislation such as the accommodate Act 1996, and the 1985 Housing Act. Local authorities have a duty under Section 183 of the Housing Act 1996 to provide or prevent homelessness. They have to make inquiries (Part 7 of the 1996 Act) where someone is likely to become homel ess within 28 days. In addition, someone is prevented from becoming homeless if there is a casework intervention that will provide the person or family with accommodation sustainable for at least six months (Communities and Local Government Recording Homeless prevention and musical accompaniment E10 of the P1E Quarterly Returns, 2009). The Local authorities freighter work with partner organisations to help prevent homelessness, although these partner organisations have no duty to prevent homelessness. A partner organisation is any organisation which is assisting the local authority in tackling and preventing homelessness (ibid 12). It may be funded by the Local Authority to help in preventing and tackling homelessness. In addition it can also be any organisation where the Local Authorities can refer people for assistance to prevent homelessness and these include voluntary organisations and independent organisations for housing advice under s.179(1) of the 1996 Act. The Salvation Army is one of the voluntary organisations (faith based) that provide temporary accommodation to prevent homelessness.The Green Paper Independence, Well-being and Choice Our pot for the Future of Social Care for Adults in England (DoH, 2005) and the White Paper Caring for People (DoH, 1989) recognise assessments as key to any methods of intervention and good care for people. Assessments were carried out to identify the causes of homelessness, the persons history, entitlement to services, needs (medical, social and psychological), while a risk assessment was carried in all assessments in order to protect the service user from risk of self harm (suicide, intravenous drug use, substance misuse, financial abuse etc). According to Parker and Bradley (200611), a risk assessment is the likelihood of certain outcomes, whether decreed or negative, occurring under certain circumstances or dependent on decisions made. It was important to carry out a risk assessment to establish the likelihoo d of people repeatedly becoming homeless, as some would return within three months to the centre. As such, a risk assessment sought to establish the better method of dealing with the presenting situation to reduce repeat homelessness, and where homelessness was attributed to drug and alcohol misuse, gambling, etc, the likelihood of that happening again was assessed before appropriate intervention methods were implemented. However, Webber (2009) argue that risk assessment in social work (and this can also be applied to community work) is laden with assumptions while lacking scientific thoroughness which can send to rationing and excluding some service users. In particular I found that in some cases risk assessment led to the exclusion of some service users whose homelessness was seen as voluntary. adept can argue that is being judgemental and not in-line with an anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory practice (Dominelli 2006). However, in the same breath as risk assessment led to exclusion of service users, it also helped to identify those at risk of harm (physical and emotional) as a result of homelessness.After identifying risks, an assessment of needs was also carried out to identify the needs of the person, such as shelter (which would be the reason for coming to the centre), financial needs and those who were eligible to receive social security benefits would be referred to the Job Centre and/or Social Services department for housing benefit. In addition, those who were homeless because of debt would be referred to national debt agencies to device ways of alleviating the debt. Others would have lost their jobs, which led to repossession of houses or eviction. Those with medical needs were referred to specialist services. In summary, I found the role of carrying risk assessments and assessments of needs very educative while I also applied theory into practice while I assumed a managerial role (commissioning services and signposting). In addition, liaisi ng with other agencies improved my communication skills, protagonism skills and negotiating skills, all skills which are vital to effective community practice.Skills required by community workers include community organisation, administration, social planning, social action and social development so that citizens can become active in their own environments (Hardcastle et al 2004). The model of intervention used with homelessness is that of empowering individuals to become self reliant and self sufficient. Social planning involved liaising with other external agencies such as the Coventry City Council, Refuge Centre, Job Centre and Social Services to help clients to get houses, social security benefits, as well as to help clients get jobs. My duties of coordinating services and signposting service users to these external agencies were part of social planning, organisation and action.One of the most intervention methods used at the centre is crisis intervention. According to Jackson-C herry and Erford (2010), a crisis intervention involves providing emergency psycho-social care to assist individuals in crises situation to restore a balance to their bio-psycho-social functioning. Similarly, Wilson et al (2008) define a crisis as a breakdown or disruption in a persons usual pattern of, or approach pattern functioning. Homelessness and losing a tenancy in most cases is a result of long-term crises, and individuals respond to crises by striving to maintain their equilibrium through using their get by mechanisms (Jackson-Cherry and Erford, 2010). In addition crises can arise where problems persist and the precipitating events are threatening, and usual coping mechanisms fail to work (Wilson et al 2008). An analysis of some of the people who came to use the centre showed that they were going through crises such as financial, debt, unemployment, domestic violence, which affected usual coping mechanisms in others. In addition, losing a house can also lead to a crisis a nd affect the individuals coping mechanism. In a situation of homelessness caused by a crisis, or leading to a crisis, the role of a community worker is to solve the immediate crisis by offering shelter while looking for long term solutions (Wilson et al, 2008), which in turn leads to solution focussed intervention discussed below. Crisis intervention involves carrying out an assessment to identify needs, make referrals and implement a treatment plan or solution (Roberts, 2005). However, as already argued above, not all cases presented as crises were offered appropriate intervention, such as the case with asylum seekers, families, and people below the ages of 18 and above the age of 65, who were referred to other agencies.In addition to crisis intervention, solution focussed intervention method was also used at the Salvation Army hostel. Solution focussed intervention is change oriented, and encourages service users to find solutions to their problems (Wilson et al 2008). Solution f ocussed works by placing the responsibility on the service user (empowerment), providing them with tools to identify the extent of their crises, and where they are in the crisis. Gamble (1995) cited by Hardcastle et al (2004) argued that community practice involves using empowerment-based interventions to strengthen participation in democratic processes, assist groups and communities in advocating for their basic needs and organising for social justice. Bidding for accommodation, job search, referring service users with drug and alcohol problems to Recovery Partnership were some of the solution focussed methods of intervention provided on the model of empowerment. In addition to finding solutions as a tool for problem solving, the Salvation Army also uses person-centred intervention method which sees the client as unique thereby requiring unique intervention. Person centred care (PCC), was developed from Carl Rogers person centred counselling (Nay and Garratt 2004). It promotes buil ding relationships between client and professionals, which is empowering as it seeks to put the individual at the centre of their care (Wilson et al, 2008 Nay and Garratt, 2004). The project workers at the Salvation Army recognise that homeless people are individual people with different needs, and not a homogeneous community, hence support is accommodate to meet individual needs.The report critically analysed the main functions of the Salvation Army hostel for the homeless. As a student I felt that although the faith-based centre is doing its scoop out to help homeless people, the SA has diverted from its original ethos of helping people in need regardless of race and creed, and this was notable especially with the way asylum seekers are morose away because of their immigration statuses. The role of the Church and philanthropists in helping the need and the poor has its roots before the Reformation, when welfare assistance to the needy was provided by the Church, based on the se ven corporal works of mercy (the thirsty must be given drink, the hungry to be fed, the naked to be clothed, the mad visited, the prisoners visited etc) (www.victorianweb.org) through to the Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601), when the church provided relief to people through its parishes (Payne 2002). However, because the Salvation Army gets most of its funding from the Local government, this limits what it can do as a church.Implications for practice.In relation to providing shelter to people between the ages of 18 to 65, one can argue that this is ageism (Dominelli 2006) because it assumes that people below 18 and over the age of 65 cannot become homeless. Ageism does not promote anti-discriminatory practice, and it is also oppressive (Dominellie 2006). In contrast The Employment Equality (Repeal of Retirement Age Provisions) Regulations 2011 abolishes the loneliness age of 65 years, which means that the government recognises that people can still be active after 65 years of age. The centre also views homelessness from a gender point of view by allocating 75 of the rooms to men and leaving only five to women. This is based on the assumption that men are more likely to lose their homes especially through domestic violence (perpetrators of domestic violence) yet there is increasing evidence suggesting that there are also male victims of domestic violence (Shupe et al, 1987) . In addition to homelessness, single women are also likely to lose their homes for the same reasons that men lose their homes (such as unemployment, drug and alcohol misuse, gambling etc).The report highlighted that there is no family unit at the Salvation Army in Coventry, while Leamington has only one family unit. Under the genuine economic climate, many families are losing homes due to repossession of houses and unemployment.As such it is also possible to have families becoming homeless. During my localisation I witnessed whole families being turned away because of lack of facilities to accommodate families. One can also argue that by not having family units, the system views single people as more likely to become homeless. This issue of separating families was also practiced during the Poor Laws Amendment 1834, when families were separated in workhouses to punish the undeserving poor.For continuity of care the Salvation Army must outride to work in partnership with GPs, Community Psychiatrists and other health professionals during the recovery pathway so that people do not relapse when they return to the community. In terms of workloads, the project workers were allocated at least 10 service users each. In relation to time, comprehensive assessment to identify risks and needs, this workload was viewed by most workers as unmanageable, especially when allocated to service users with complex needs (accommodation, medical, drug and alcohol misuse, access to benefits etc). This also reduced the time of building rapport with clients (Trevithick 2000 and 2005) for effec tive intervention methods.The placement provided me with a forum to apply theory to practice, including relevant theoretical intervention methods, understanding policy and legislation, as well as exposing me to the challenges faced by community workers when they work with people towards individual and community development strategies. I also gained an insight into social and health inequalities leading to homelessness and how these impact on peoples lives. My communication and interviewing skills were also enhanced (Trevithick, 2000 and 2005) as I spoke to different service users and professionals. Working with external agencies improved my team working skills (ibid). Values of a community worker include ability to empathise, to work in a non-judgemental manner, to be patient as well as to promote empowerment through social justice. refinementThe conclusions to be drawn from the above report and analysis of the role of the Salvation Army with homeless people in Coventry are that the church and the voluntary sector play a significant role in the provision of welfare to citizens. However, there is also need to reform some of the Salvation Armys policies to turn issues of ageism, gender, challenge oppression especially with asylum seekers, and become inclusive to women and families who become homeless. Recruitment of volunteers can also be encouraged to reduce workloads. While the methods of intervention may be appropriate, however, assessments are not needs led but resource led, which makes it difficult for project workers to fulfil their roles to promote social justice.

An Annotated Bibliography on the topic of Multiple Intelligences

An Annotated Bibliography on the topic of five-fold intelligence agency servicesCampbell, L., Campbell, B. (1999). five-fold Intelligences and Student movement Success Stories from Six Schools. Alexandria, VA. Association for supervision and Curriculum Development.Throughout this book Campbell and Campbell share stories about six schools (two elementary, two middle, and two high schools) that incorporated Multiple Intelligences into their curriculum. The authors outline how MI is applied, its role, and its effect on student achievement. Campbell and Campbell provide examples of how a Multiple Intelligence curriculum enables students to use their strengths to improve their academic weaknesses.Campbell, L., Campbell, B., Dickinson, D. (2004). Teaching and nurture Through Multiple Intelligences. (3rd ed.). Boston Montreal Pearson/A and B.This book is introduced by explaining what the original seven intelligences are in detail. It continues on to describe how teachers can begin to amalgamate Multiple Intelligences into their classrooms. The authors of this book give specific examples of how an educator can plan their lessons or projects and give assessments using the MI theory.Gardner, H. (1993). Choice Points as Multiple Intelligences drop the School. David Lazear Group Multiple Intelligences. Retrieved declination 12, 2010, from http//www.davidlazeargroup.com/multi-intell/articles/ChoicePoints.htmIn this short essay written by Howard Gardner, he describes seven purposes of which Multiple Intelligence has been applied. He discusses that the theory of MI has been used to support a range of educational goals. Gardner describes the relationship of curriculum, instruction, assessment, targeted audiences and students in relation to Multiple Intelligences.Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of Mind The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (10th anniversary ed.). New York, NY BasicBooks.This is the one-tenth anniversary of the original book that outlined Multiple Intell igences. Gardner broke this book up into three sections Background of MI, The Theory itself, and Implications and Applications. In Frames of Mind Gardner describes the idea of Multiple Intelligence and how he came up with it he discusses the nature and characteristic of each intelligence as well as how MI could potentially help our educational system.Gardner, H. (2002). Multiple Intelligences The Theory in Practice (29. printing. ed.). New York BasicBooks.Gardners Multiple Intelligences The Theory in Practice is a collection of essays written about how Multiple Intelligence has been implemented in schools since the first book, Frames of Mind was published. In the estimate and Beyond section of the book, Gardner outlines evaluations and gives an alternative form of assessment to standardized exams a student portfolio to read strengths.Garnder, H. (2003, April 21). Multiple Intelligences After Twenty Years. American Education Research Association. Retrieved celestial latitude 10, 20 10, from www.pz.harvard.edu/PIs/HG_MI_after_2sss0_years.pdfThroughout this article, Gardner explains how he came up with the idea of MI and how it has evolved in twenty years. Gardner gives examples of colleagues and studies that thrust implemented the theory and how it enabled student achievement. He also describes and corrects some misconceptions that he has come across over the years.Mettetal G.,Cheryl J.,Sheryll H.(1997). Attitudes toward a multiple intelligences curriculum.The Journal of Educational Research,91(2),115. Retrieved December 12, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID29295806).This article is about a small school that adopted the Theory of Multiple Intelligence into their school district. Considering the school went from being a traditionalistic school to a school that fully implemented MI into its classrooms, there were many research activities and studies done to evaluate student assessment. Some activities include surveys to parents, observations, interview s, and classroom assessments.Hatch, T. (1997). Getting Specific About Multiple Intelligences. How Children Learn, 54(6), 26- 29. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from http//www.ascd.org/publications/educational- leadership/mar97/vol54/num06/Getting-Specific-About-Multiple-Intelligences.aspxThis article describes how each student is smart in their own way. Hatch describes each intelligence in relation to professions. For example, a person with a linguistic intelligence may be a reporter. Hatch proposes that educators teach to the students strengths opposed to the intelligence itself. The chief(prenominal) purpose of this article is to try to get educators to avoid labeling their students to a specific intelligence.Lazear, D. (2000). Multiple Intelligence Approaches to Assessment Solving The Assessment Conundrum. Global Learning Communities. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from www.julieboyd.com.au/ILF/pages/members/cats/bkovervus/t_and_learn_pdfs/mi_approa ch_to_assessment.pdfThis article goes into detail about assessments and how they can be conducted. According to Lazear, any student who performs successfully on a given test does not ineluctably demonstrategenuine learning or understanding it may tell us only who is good at taking that type oftest (Lazear 2000). He feels as though students need to demonstrate their knowledge in various ways to show genuine learning and understanding. In his article he outlines Brain-Based and Research-Based Assessment procedures.McClaskey, J. (1995). Assessing student learning through multiple intelligences.English Journal,84(8),56. Retrieved December 12, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID9081119).McClaskey feels as though students need to have opportunities to identify and build on their strengths.