Commerical banker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commerical banker - Essay Example Similarly banking sector has expanded and developed by leaps and bounds in south Asia. After china, Indonesia and Malaysia the banking sector in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka has been tremendously growing. This trend in the growth of banking sector has actually been the need of the economies to accommodate and sustain the needs of these economies. In fact commercial banking and its tremendous growth has been the pushing and pulling factor in the sustainable growth of these economies. The accelerated activity of agricultural sector, the small and medium enterprises, the construction and real estate have yielded the fairly large ground for commercial banking sector on local basis in south Asia. Since the return rates on any business in south Asian countries is the highest one in the world (almost 20 % per annum), there has been every chance of emergence and growth of commercial banking in South Asia. A large number of fresh MBAs are attracted to the commercial banking and they get appropriate training facilities. Their remuneration in the commercial banks remained high and they also got monthly pro-rata commissions on their retail performance. The attitudes of young graduates employed in the banks are molded towards professionalism and business.

Nursing Job Description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Job Description - Essay Example These numerous tasks make the head nurse central in ensuring the efficient performance of the team. Thus, this involves financial planning as well in order to ensure that goals are being met. Forecasting is defined as the task of making projections about the future performance on the basis of historical and current conditions data. A head nurse often makes decision regarding the future of his or team. A more appropriate example of this is the amount of budget that the team needs for the coming month. In order to make projections, the head nurse will rely on the historical data of the actual expenses in the previous months. Based on these records, he or she will then determine which types of expenses will apply in the forecast period as well as eliminate the costs that are be foreseen to be insignificant. Afterwards, he or she also analyzes the factors which will make costs in each individual item higher or lower. In order to do this, he or she will rely on current situation which were not present in the previous budgeting period. Example is cost of input which drives up prices of materials needed. With these, he or she can then forecast the budget to be appropriated in t he next period. Long-range planning is another typical activity of a head nurse. Like forecasting, long range planning is concerned with the future of the team. However, as opposed to forecasting, long-range planning involves the head nurse making decisions according to the strategic goal of the healthcare organization. Long-range planning encompasses both financial and non-financial goals and the focus is always the achievement of a specific objective. Most companies have embarked on aligning their plans with the overall organizational goal. A head nurse also does this. For example, when the overall plan of the hospital is to transform itself into a state-of-the art organization by utilizing the latest medical technology available in the market, the head nurse prepares his staff for this. Long-range planning may include but is not limited on his efforts to build a program which will enable the members of the team to get acquainted with the new image to be established. This will include putting up quarterly meetings in order to educate members as well as having appropriate training classes that will equip the members with the skills needed to operate the equipment. As a part of the plan, monitoring will also be installed in order to assess the development and performance of the members of the team. Benchmarking means the process of comparing the performance, policies, philosophies, and other factors of one business organization to the other. These comparisons are often geared in ascertaining how an organization stands in comparison to the other players in the market. In the setting of the healthcare organization, a head nurse benchmarks when he or she compares the performance of his or her team through a defined metrics. The benchmark often looks at the historical and current performance in order to make an improvement in the future. For instance, a head nurse might want to compare his team's level of performance by the number of times late or

Poverty Porn Essay Example for Free

Poverty Porn Essay Fundraising is a noble and selfless deed. However, an ethical issue has risen concerning the process of raising funds for poverty-stricken communities. Often, visuals of the harsh lives people in poverty face are portrayed when raising funds. The exploitation of such visuals to increase donations or support a cause is known as poverty pornography (Collin, 2009). Poverty pornography is effective in raising funds but it is incorrect due to the unethical way it is carried out that degrades the poverty-stricken communities. Poverty pornography is widely used by charitable organisations because it is an effective method of collecting donations. Research has shown that negative stimuli which evoke emotion can easily capture an individual’s attention (Murphy, Hill, Ramponi, Calder Barnard, 2010). Images of children as well as those which bring about negative emotions also tend to generate more donations (Burt Strongman, 2005). Thus, the disturbing visuals of dying children and women as well as their harsh living conditions portrayed in poverty pornography is effective in grabbing attention and generating feelings of sympathy. These feelings are then converted into actions whereby donations are increased. Therefore, poverty pornography plays a role in helping poverty-stricken communities as it easily grabs people’s attention and encourages them to increase their donations. However, its method of exploiting visuals that degrade the poverty-stricken communities makes poverty pornography unethical. The exploitation of biased visuals depicts poverty-stricken communities in a negative manner. Common examples are severely malnourished African children staring at the camera, waiting to be â€Å"saved† (Osa, 2010). While it is true that there are malnourished children, there are healthier children too. However, poverty pornography is biased as it does not represent this side of poverty-stricken communities. Although taken for a good cause, a distorted image of them is painted (Opoku-Owusu, 2003). This is unethical as the partial representation degrades them, leaving the impression that they are helpless individuals, waiting for their lives to be taken away and unable to do anything. On the other hand, some charitable organisations try to incorporate positive images into their advertisements by showing the after-effects of our donations. For example, they may show visuals of happy, smiling children as a result of our aid. However, such images indirectly degrade the communities as it gives us the impression that without our assistance, they are unable to survive. In 2001, a poll conducted in United Kingdom discovered that 74% thought that â€Å"Developing countries depend on the money and knowledge of the West to progress† (Voluntary Service Overseas, 2002). From this, we can deduce that many have the perception that poverty-stricken communities are weak and vulnerable as they are highly dependent on our help. However, this may not be true because in reality, they are the most â€Å"strongest willed, most tenacious people one could hope to meet† (Cowdroy Evans, 2010). Thus, the misrepresentation creates a false impression that poverty-stricken communities are weak and cannot survive without our aid. This false impression may also create an environment of self-pity which may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. The self-fulfilling prophecy, introduced by Merton (1948), refers to circumstances whereby an initial false claim later turns into reality. The exploitation of negative visuals pertaining to the lives of poverty-stricken communities has led to a stereotype that they are â€Å"uneducated, incapable of freeing themselves from poverty, lacking in competence, and miserable† (Clark, 2004). This stereotype may cause people to hold negative expectations on the poverty-stricken communities (Madon, Jussim, Eccles, 1997). Although these negative expectations may not be true initially, the poverty-stricken communities might adhere to them thus leading to a self-fulfilled prophecy. Therefore, the use of poverty pornography to assist them may backfire as incorrect claims can become true. Nevertheless, many organizations unremittingly use poverty pornography. Does this make poverty pornography a necessary evil? Poverty pornography is definitely not a necessary evil. It is unethical to degrade or stereotype the poverty-stricken communities, even if it is for a noble cause. Moreover, poverty pornography can instead contribute to the  poverty cycle as the negative assumptions about the poverty-stricken communities may become self-fulfilling prophecies. Thus, instead of eradicating poverty, it may worsen the conditions of poverty-stricken communities. However what other methods can we adopt to increase awareness on the needs of the poverty-stricken communities without degrading them? Instead of exploiting biased images that generate feelings of sympathy, programmes that create feelings of empathy and responsibility can be created. One such event is the inaugural 30 Hour Famine Camp in Singapore held by World Vision. In this camp, youths are given a feel of life in poverty by taking part in activities that simulates lives of children in poverty. The youths also make a stand to end global poverty by fasting for thirty hours. This camp generates empathy which encourages youths to not only donate but also to think of more ways to assist by allowing them to realise that they have the ability and responsibility to help end poverty. To portray full representation of their lives, some have embarked on projects like ‘Perspectives of Poverty’ which â€Å"expose[s] this bias [poverty pornography] and present people in a light of dignity† (McNiholl, n.d). Even though it may not help in raising funds, by presenting poverty-stricken in a better light, it balances off how degrading poverty pornography has been and slowly alters people’s perception on poverty-stricken communities. This can help remove stereotypes on them thus avoid self-fulfilling prophecies. Poverty pornography has proven to be effective. However, its unethical methods have undermined the usefulness of helping poverty-stricken communities. Instead of assisting, it strips them of their dignity, their ability to help themselves and contribute to the poverty cycle. Even though poverty pornography cannot be eradicated in the near future as it is widely used, the two methods presented above are examples of how we can slowly break away from poverty pornography. People in poverty are human beings too. Thus, in the process of assisting them, we must create a full representation of them and treat them as dignified human beings. To achieve this, poverty pornography must be eradicated. REFERENCES Burt, CDB. Strongman, K. Use Of Images In Charity Advertising: Improving Donations and Compliance Rates. International Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 8(8) 1, Retrieved from http://www.usq.edu.au/extrafiles/business/journals/HRMJournal/InternationalArticles/Volume%208/Burt%20Vol%208%20no%208.pdf Clark, D. J. (2004). The production of a contemporary famine image: The image economy, indigenous photographers and the case of Mekanic Philipos. Journal of International Development, 16, 693–704. DOI: 10.1002/jid.112 Collin, M. (2009). What is ‘poverty porn’ and why does it matter for development? Retrieved 16 July 2011 from Aid Thoughts website: http://aidthoughts.org/?p=69 Cowdroy, J. Evans, H. (2005), Poverty Pornography. Retrieved 16 July, 2011 from The Global Poverty Project website: http://www.globalpovertyproject.com/blog/view/238 Madon, S., Jussim, L., Eccles, J. (1997). In search of the powerful self-fulfilling prophecy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(4), 791-809. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.4.791 Merton, R.K. (1948). The self-fulfilling prophecy. The Antioch Review, 8(2), 193-210. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Murphy, F. C., Hill, E. L., Ramponi, C. C., Calder, A. J., Barnard, P. J. (2010). Paying attention to emotional images with impact. Emotion, 10(5), 605-614. DOI: 10.1037/a0019681 Opoku-Owusu, S. A. S. (2003). What can the African diaspora do to challenge distorted media perceptions about Africa? London: AFFORD. Osa, E. (2010). The starving baby syndrome is hurting Africa’s image. New African, (501), 72-73. Retrieved from EBSCOhost Scale E. (2010), WaterAid UK And Poverty Porn. Retrieved 16 July, 2011 from The Global Poverty Project website http://www.globalpovertyproject.com/blogs/view/262 Voluntary Service Overseas, (2002). The Live Aid legacy: The developing world through British eyes – A research report. London, UK: Voluntary Service Overseas.

Testing of Pharmaceutical Tablet Strip

Testing of Pharmaceutical Tablet Strip CAREER EPISODE 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION I completed my Bachelors degree in electronics and communication engineering in the year 2011. I pursed my engineering from Vyas Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jodhpur, India. During my final semester of engineering I had to make a working model in the field of electronics. I came up with a project called Testing of Pharmaceutical Tablet strip. The project was performed in group of three. It was completed under the direction and support of Er. Yogesh Chaudhary. In my first career episode, I have described the work done by me in this project in detail. 1.2 BACKGROUND Requirement of medicines and its production is increasing rapidly. There are possible occurrences of breakage, cracks in the capsule or table while its production. And when these damaged tablets are consumed, it may cause irritation or side effects to other body parts. To inspect the production, it becomes very tough manually but the same task can be achieved with the help of image processing through automation of visual inspection. My project deals with the identification of the damaged products after its manufacturing. It involves series of task like segmentation, image processing, filtration, subtraction, pixel-calculation, de-noising, thresholding, and region based statics to identify the damaged and broken tablets. 1.3 The basic moto behind my project is to identify and filter out the damaged and defective capsule strips. Missing tablet, color, or shape/size difference between a set of tablets, or any crack or breakage in the tablets will be identified and marked as defect through my project. The idea was to reduce the manual work for identification of the damaged tablets as the job can be tedious. And to introduce a new procedure that would contribute in digital technology and for the welfare of the society. Identification of defective tablets is done with the help of image processing that uses various techniques of algorithm for processing all the digital images. 1.4 Image processing works on the technique that uses features like extraction, pattern recognition, edge detection and template matching. This process manipulates the data faster to achieve the desired result. For quality assurance of the products that are being manufactured majorly require automation of visual inspection. In this technique, a morphological operation such as opening operation is used for finding defects. The image is made fit for the further processing by performing image segmentation on the input image and then it is filtered to remove any noise. By inscribing rectangles subtraction is performed on the image with the help of morphological operations and it is also subtracted from original gray image which shows the broken tablets. For calculating the exact location of the broken tablet, pseudo coloring method is used and the pixel of the broken capsule is calculated. Correct size or color and any cracks are detected by performing corner detection and Harris algorithm technique on the tablets. Which is then followed by some pre-processing. After detecting the corners, they are compared with the template image and if there is any mismatch in the feature with the original template and the test image, the tablet gets rejected otherwise it is accept and given for use. 1.5 Me being the team leader, had to work out the flow and plan on how to proceed with the implementation process. I divided the project into small tasks and gave priority to each of them. Then they were assigned the duration in which that task had to be completed. My major task was designing the circuit diagram and block diagram on which the components could be decided. And the other crucial task was software coding. Regular meetings were kept with my team mates and the project guide to get any suggestions for any improvement in the project. Meetings were either through email or small presentations had to be made. 1.6 PERSONAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITY I started off with surveying the market so that the project I make would be useful. I read papers and articles relating the new upcoming technology and tried to do research on image processing methods and its technical specifications. This helped me to learn and build new technical skills. By applying my engineering knowledge and through technical reading I plotted a block diagram and decided upon the main hardware components that could be used for this project. It involved: Electrical components like Power supply of 230V, contractor 220-240V 1.47A, conveyor belt, step down transformer and DC motor. Electronics components such as a microcontroller, LCD, Regulator IC, relay. And a basic camera of 1.3MP/VGA With the help of the hardware components and block diagram I used a PCB designing tool for designing and structuring my circuit diagram. 1.7 After deciding and finalizing of the components, I wrote down the procedure in which the tracking of the missing tablet or damaged table would be done. The camera was used basically to get the complete image of the production. After getting the image, it is converted to monochrome image from RGB one. This results in the display of the tablet strips in black and white form, where the strips will be seen in grey color and the tablets would be in black. A predefined number is assigned and kept for the tablets in a strip to keep the track of it. If the tablets are found to be lower than the defined number after image processing takes place, the microcontroller will signal the second motor to discard the strip detected. This was the logical that was used for finding the tablet strip with missing tablet. 1.8 In the similar fashion a procedure was implied for detecting and finding cracks in the tablets. For that, firstly all other components are removed from the image and only the tablet is seen. This is done through filtration technique of image processing.   After this the image is converted to black and white from the original RGB image.   Because of such design and method, only cracks could be seen in the image if there are any. They would differ in color from the black tablet. They would appear to be white thin or thick lines. So, by applying such functioning technique, the presence of any crack in the tablet could be traced. 1.9 The working of my model is very simple. Above two logics are converted into a programming code through two software Bascom AVR and MATLAB 2013, and then the code is installed in the microcontroller ATmega16. Working with MATLAB software was not difficult and coding was not an issue because of having a subject of image processing in my curriculum. When the system is powered on with the help of power supply section, the conveyor belt starts to move. When the camera lens attached to the system senses the tablet strip that is passed through the conveyor belt, it would signal the microcontroller to stop the belt that runs with the help of motor 1. This is done for analyzing the tablet strip. ADC is used for converting the analog power signal from sensors to digital form for signaling the microcontroller. The image taken of the tablet strip is scanned and analyzed according[S1] to the functions as designed in MATLAB code. It will check for any defects or cracks or any missing tablet from the strip with the help of the image that was taken through camera. Based on the quality check performed using image enhancement and by carrying out morphological operations in MATLAB, it would signal the microcontroller to start the conveyor belt if no defect is found and in situations of faulty tablet motor 2 is signal to run a rejecting mechanism. A LCD is connected to get the count of number of strips checked, rejected or for the ones that are found defective. USART is used for communicating with the PC through microcontroller and vice-versa. 1.10 In the end, I could complete the project on time. The most difficult part of my project was to design and propose the circuit diagram. As working with PCB designing software was completely new for me. It took several trials before coming on the final figure. And implementation of the hardware was tough. Few minor mistakes created led into a big problem in my end mistake. I de-soldered the wrongly connected component part and connected it in the proper way to get the desired output and the circuit running. At the last stage, a test run was performed before submitted to check the working of each component and to see that the expected output is achieved. Working in teams was a challenging task as coming on one mutually agreed statement and solution is quite difficult. Though I managed my team well and never made any unfair decisions. 1.11 SUMMARY Thus, for companies manufacturing number of tablets in a day, inspecting the final product manually can be tiresome and a tedious job. The company need the help of automated systems. So, my project is an economical and efficient way to solve this problem. They only problem with this system is that it cannot be used for transparent tablet strips and is made to use for single colored tablets. This problem can be solved by performing further expansion on my project. By performing this project, I learnt a way in which the image processing technique is applied. It was a great learning experience. I could use my engineering knowledge and use it to apply theoretical knowledge into practical grounds. While conducting surveys, I could understand the market position and market value of new technologies. It gave me a good exposure. [S1]

Foucaults Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison Essay

Foucault is best remembered for his historical inquiries into the origins of â€Å"disciplinary† society in a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Today, however, under the conditions of global modernity, the relevance of his contribution is often called into question. With the increasing ubiquity of markets, the break up of centralized states and the dissolution of national boundaries, the world today seems far removed from the bounded, disciplinary societies Foucault described in his most famous books. Far from disciplinary, society today is â€Å"post panoptic,† as Nancy Fraser has argued — in a move which seems to confirm Jean Baudrillard’s demand that we â€Å"forget Foucault.† In order to answer the question, how Foucault’s theory of the disciplinary society can be used to understand the body in the society, I would like to begin this essay by returning to Foucault’s book – Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison. This book deals with the disciplinary institutions and practices that emerged in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. While discipline and punish is concerned with the birth of the prison in modern Europe, it has far wider implications for the everyday lives of ordinary citizens. Notions such as micro-power, disciplinary institutions, panopticism and normative judgements. Foucault developed this material through the research methods he called archaeology and genealogy. Both methods work to uncover the discursive formations and practices of different historical periods, but genealogy has a greater focus on questions of power, and the ways in which discursive power works on bodies. Power shows itself on a subject’s body because various events or happenings are written on the human body- they shape th... ...n prison model disposed people to monitor themselves and others regarding the appropriateness or otherwise types of behaviour and body shape. Bibliography:- Chancer and Watkins. Gender, Race and Class. An Overview. (Blackwell Publishing) Toni Lester. Gender Nonconformity, Race and Sexuality. Charting the Connections. (The University of Wisconsin Press) Teresa de Lauretis. Technologies of Gender Essays on Theory, Film and Fiction (Palgrave Publication) Kennan Malik. The Meaning of race. (Palgrave Publication) Anne Cranny-Francis, Wendy Waring, Pam Stavropoulos, Joan Kirkby. Gender Studies. Terms and Debates. (Palgrave Publication) Penelope Ingram. The Signifying Body. (State University of New York Press) Mark Gibson. Culture and Power. (Berg Publication,New York) Colin Burnham. Race. B.T.Batsford LTD. London.

Emerging crises of natural hazards management Essay

Procedure of large-scale urbanization is intricate and changing. So too are the study and management of natural hazards and disasters. Although the US experience is highlighted, the changes noted apply to many other countries. US also initiated International Association of Emergency Managers that certified emergency manager. Through this certification, new ways of thinking about hazards and disasters are emerging, whose long-run allegations are hard to foresee (Mitchell, 1993b). The competence of existing means for managing natural hazards and other types of environmental hazards is ever more being called into question in the United States and the global community. This is exemplified by a sampling of the issues that have lately emerged in professional and lay forums. formerly are problems that are posed by new kinds of hazard. These come in numerous varieties. several are amalgams of natural and technological hazards (Showalter and Myers, 1994). while a storm or a tsunami affects a chemicals manufacturing or storage provision it is not just the threat of high water and strong winds that is of concern; it is also the prospect that toxic materials might be disseminated all through surrounding areas. If an earthquake affects a nuclear reactor site, radioactive materials might be released. The flooding of old mines can root surface collapses . Given the escalating variety of technological hazards, the potential for new or atypical combinations of natural and technological hazards are escalation upwards. Three classes of technological hazard pose fairly diverse sets of problems when combined with natural hazards: a. Unsuspected hazards entail substances or activities that were considered as harmless or benign until scientific proof or human experience showed otherwise (e. g. DDT, asbestos). b. indecently managed hazards entail failures of diverse kinds of hazard-control systems (e. g. nuclear facilities such as Wind scale, Three Mile Island, Chernobyl; chemical plants such as Seveso, Basle,Bhopal; transportation systems such as the US space shuttle Challenger and super tankers such as the Exxon Valdez; storage and discarding sites for toxic materials such as Kyshtym, Times Beach, Love Canal, Minamata). C. Instrumental hazards are planned to cause harm and are intentionally employed towards that end; they comprise sabotage, arson, and warfare. Military industrial technologies fit in to this group (e. g. nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons such as defoliants and nerve agents; premeditated oil-spills and oilfield conflagrations). The UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs, formed in 1992, has begun to examine a diverse but related set of problems that they call intricate emergencies. These consign to events such as those happening in the former Yugoslavia, Kurdistan, southern Sudan, Mozambique, and Somalia, where political conflicts, drought, famine, and other troubles are intertwined. Hazards of global environmental change comprise a separate but correlated class of events that are now making their approach onto the public policy agenda (Mitchell and Ericksen, 1992). It is extensively accepted that a build-up of greenhouse gases in the environment might set off climate changes and other consequences such as sea-level rise. Several of the industrial hazards are adequately well known to be classifiable as â€Å"routine† hazards, but others including most of the hazards connected with global ecological change are completely unprecedented in the human experience. They are best considered â€Å"surprises† (Mitchell, 1996). A next way in which natural hazards are varying grows out of the first. It is that there are now strong pressures to inflate the legal definition of natural disasters. In the history, only the victims or potential victims of measures activated by natural phenomena (somewhat erroneously labelled â€Å"acts of God†) were believed eligible for public support to upgrade awareness or provide relief. However, in current years there has been an instantly recognizable trend towards broadening the range of technological and social phenomenon that are entitled for aid. In the United States this began with natural gas shortages in the cold and snowy winter of 1977 and later integrated the community of Times Beach, Missouri – a disreputable case of contamination by the toxic chemical dioxin. More lately, the collapse of an old, disused, and dwindling Underground Railroad system was treated as a â€Å"natural† disaster while water from an adjacent canal inundated the basements of high-rise buildings in downtown Chicago. In the early nineties, civil unrest in Los Angeles also qualified for disaster status, as did the 9/11 in New York city. These events suggest that peculiarities between different kinds of disasters are waning in the public policy arena. Perhaps they imitate the growing impact of socio-technical hazards and the decline of natural phenomena in the extremely human-made environments of a rich country. Maybe they are correlated to further politicization of public decisions concerning disasters, or to the political influence of explicit interest groups that place a high premium on predictability and permanence (e. g. business corporations)? It is also probable that they are products of a broad shift in public attitudes towards risks of all kinds. Further type of change is distension of public dissatisfaction with hazard management agencies. Condemnation of disaster management in developing countries such as Bangladesh or the states of the African Sahel is not new. Mass media reports concerning the poor performance of national government organizations and international agencies are squad. Natural hazards and disasters can be unstable political issues in developed countries and a certain sum of controversy about governmental responses is the norm as anyone who has experiential the aftermath of Italian earthquakes, or Australian wildfires, or American hurricanes can attest to. But lately there has been a sharp acceleration of complaints concerning the effectiveness of hazard-management agencies in main developed countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, Australia, and Russia. The US International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM) and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has been a particular target. It has been indicted of providing insufficient and inappropriate relief to disaster victims. It has as well been criticized for supporting the occupation of hazardous lands by proffering low-cost insurance to rich investors; and it has drawn fire for offering too much effort to cleaning up after past disasters and too little attempt to reducing the prospects of future disasters. IAEM’s mishandling of relief in the wake of hurricane Andrew triggered a major investigation by the US Congress. Critics called for the nation’s armed forces to replace IAEM, and large numbers of military personnel have, actually, been deployed after recent disasters. The military is usually in charge of disaster management in third world nations because it is often the simply institution competent of providing aid during disasters and one of the few organizations that can be counted on to inflict government policies at other times. Although in the United States and other Western nations proposals for a larger military role in civilian affairs are frequently controversial. Advocates of civil authority and legal due procedure are concerned that increased military concern in disasters may signal an corrosion of citizen rights and responsibilities, while others point to the reduction in international tensions and the require for more cost-effective national institutions as grounds for making ingenious use of military expertise in new roles. Devoid of going into detail, it is useful to note that there is a widespread loss of faith in the capacity of national public agencies to combat natural and technological hazards in numerous other countries. The failures of Soviet agencies in connection with the Armenian earthquake (1988) as well as the Chernobyl nuclear power station fire (1986) have been well documented and they are supposed to have contributed to the crumple of the Soviet government. British civil defence agencies have also been forcefully criticized for insufficient preparedness and lack of attention to hazard improvement (Mitchell, 1989; Parker and Handmer, 1992). Partly as government agencies have come under attack, there has been a dogged effort to shift the burden of disaster management on private individuals and institutions. In countries such as the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom, this began with a conformist revolution in politics led by people such as Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan, and Helmut Kohl. In the perspective of hazard management, policy reforms usually took the form of insurance systems (flood insurance, earthquake insurance, crop insurance, etc. ), limitations on central government expenditure for disaster relief and recovery, an end to public funding for building in hazardous areas, and penalties for people who rebelliously build or rebuild in such places. Now there is an emerging body of evidence that such policies might not work as intended. For instance, insurance is not the panacea it was once announced to be. Many potential victims are uninsured or underinsured and those who have sufficient insurance often experience serious trouble securing reimbursements. Not all threats are covered by insurance, and major problems take place when hazards involve several perils (e. g. hurricanes bring floods, erosion, wind damage, landslides, and other events). Cut-backs in government financial support of social services have become common all through the developed world in current years, and spending on disasters is no exception. Consequently, policies that underline private responsibilities for hazard management may assist to widen the gap between richer and better-educated victims specifically; those who can afford to make supplies for their own security and the poor or disadvantaged groups that lack such a competence. Briefly, a hazard-protection system that relies mostly on market mechanisms might well be detrimental to broader public interests. British experience with the great storm of 15 October 1987 demonstrates several of these problems (Mitchell, James K. , Neal Devine, and Kathleen Jagger. 1989). Before the storm, local governments and private individuals in England had been expectant to be self-reliant and not to expect the national government to give recovery funds in the event of a disaster. But the storm, which recorded the highest wind speeds in 250 years, blew down some fifteen million trees and inflicted economic losses greater than any natural disaster in Britain since the end of the Second World War. In the course it exposed the limitations of local resources for managing with disasters and it obliged a major reversal of national policies that would have left local governments to ensure of natural disasters. If there is concern regarding the general efficiency of disaster management by the private sector, there is deep concern about the future of hazard insurance systems. Lack of insurance coverage and insufficient reimbursements are continuing problems, but the fundamental issue is that very large disasters might bankrupt the entire international insurance system. Insurance and reinsurance companies in Germany, Japan, and the United States are all extremely troubled by this prospect.

How is Chinas economy growing so crazy, and how it affects the world as well as China Essay

Abstract: In this case study, I will be doing research on how is China’s economy growing so crazy, and how it affects the world as well as China. You will also see cause their economy is growing so fast and what are the challenges they are facing right now and the future. Introduction: The Republic of China’ has overtaken Japan as world’s second largest economy, after United States, Japan had held the 2nd position since 1968. In 2016 or earlier, International Monetary Fund (IMF) claims China’s economy surpassing US, the era of America economy leadership will be over. It’s average grow rate is about 10% for pass 30 years, making them as the world’s fastest growing economy. China has also climbed to the world’s largest exporter and second largest importer in the world. China has considerable economic weaknesses like low income levels, resource depletion and high unemployment, whereas the U.S. has comparable strengths and is poised to remain a global leader: Why is their economy growing so fast? The reason why their economy is growing dramatically, we will have to start from 1978, when the government executed a bunch of strategies for economy reform. These programs are including, encouraged rural enterprises, private businesses, liberalized foreign trade, investment, less control over prices, invested in industrial production, educate their workforce. Their economy had an annual growth of 6% initially, and peak of 17 percent, plus every capital income was quadruple in last 15 years. In 1997, some experts had already predicted that the China economy would sure be bigger than the US in less than 20 years. Here is IMF research team conclusion: New factories, manufacturing machines, communication systems and the amount of Chinese workers, increase in productivity were the factors that putting them as one of the strongest economy country. image02.jpg Automobile Industry China was rank third in the automobile industry by 2006 after Japan and US. During the reform, their automotive productions were less than 14000 yearly. Guess what? By 2002 their production jumped all the way up to 3.25 million! And 2009, it reached to 14 million. In 2009, China passed the States to become number 1 car maker worldwide. Domestic sales stayed with production, in 2006 8 million of cars were sold, which includes 5 million passenger cars and 2 million of commercial cars which shows how low price they sold their cars. The vehicles industry has been so successful in China so they begin to target exporting body parts worldwide in 1999.China has made a big step planning to get involved into image03.pngautomobile export business in 2005. In 2004, 15 major oversees automotive manufacturer plants in China. By 2003 China exports cost of 5 billion with unit of 80000 vehicles and parts, 174000 units in 2005 and 350000 units in 2006. Their goal is to reach at least of 80 billion US dollars by 2010. image04.png Natural Resources Coal: Coal is one of the most important natural resources for China, the most conserves mineral resources are considered to be coal and iron ore. Although they can be found in nearly most of the provinces, almost all of them are located in the northern part of China. A lot of good quality coals like bituminous coal are mostly reserved in China, Anthracite coals also present in some areas but its quite rare overall, that’s mostly found in Rocky Mountain. Coal helps the bulk of China’s energy consumption (75% in 2006), which led them again the world’s largest producer/consumer of coal. China usage of coal will be increasing dramatically as their economy continues to rise in absolute terms. If China keep increasingly rely on coal as a power consumption, it is going to put them becoming largest acid- rain causing sulfur dioxide and greenhouse gases. Oil and gas: China oil resources are also majorly located in north area provinces; types of oil include Oil shale and light oil. They uses up most of their oil output but doesn’t export any crude oil products, they are starting to develop oil deposits in China Seas and other oceans. Amount of natural gas reserves is unknown because they have only done a little exploration job on natural gases, Szechuan province accounts the most known natural gas reserves and production. Hydroelectric resources China has a great hydroelectric production due to their great river network and the mountainous terrain. A lot of the hydroelectric stations are located in the southwest of the country where low amount of coals are found but demand for energy is high. The potential of energy in north is small but the first hydroelectricity power station was built there by the Japanese during the occupation. In the winter, they have lower amount of rainfall, therefore, the stations are usually run less than the normal capacity, on other hand, flood always occur in the summer. What are the challenges that China is facing? High Inflation: Inflation is definitely one of the most challenges globally, but it is definitely the worse disaster for China that other countries. For clothes, the costs jumped 1.5% in April, it is the biggest up since 1997. For non-food, it didn’t have that much of different but it was still about 3%. For food, the price has inflated 11% on April